River sands, which are natural coarse-grained materials, have been generally used extensively in civil engineering construction, either as a component of concrete or as geotechnical infrastructure such as cushion materials and embankment materials. However, recently, manufactured or M-sands are also being used in civil engineering construction. These M-sands are produced through manufacturing processes from some parent rocks which are crushed and powdered, and processed to serve as sands that can be used in construction purposes. This book compares the physical and engineering properties of a...

Pile foundations are an example of deep foundations. They are long columnar members driven into earth to support civil engineering structures. They are preferred when the soil at shallow depths is weak and has poor bearing capacity. Based on the material used for manufacturing piles, they are classified as steel piles, concrete piles and timber piles; and based on their function they are generally classified as end bearing piles and friction piles. The total capacity of a single pile driven either into sands or clays is the summation of end bearing capacity and friction capacity. Friction...