Between 1600 and 1800 around 4,000 Catholic women left England for a life of exile in the convents of France, Flanders, Portugal and America. These closed communities offered religious contemplation and safety, but also provided an environment of concentrated female intellectualism. The nuns' writings from this time form a unique resource.

In 1598, the first English convent was established in Brussels and was to be followed by a further 21 enclosed convents across Flanders and France with more than 4,000 women entering them over a 200-year period. In theory they were cut off from the outside world; however, in practice the nuns were not isolated and their contacts and networks spread widely, and their communal culture was sophisticated. Not only were the nuns influenced by continental intellectual culture but they in turn contributed to a developing English Catholic identity moulded by their experience in exile. During this...

This book is comprised of seven chapters about the experiences of teachers and principals in the public education system. Chapter One investigates teachers' and principals' perspectives on the issue of students' risky online behaviors as well as the role of their resilience in their perspectives on this topic. Chapter Two assesses the extent to which English Language Learner status was related to the reading achievement of Texas Grade 4 boys and girls in special education. Chapter Three studies the degree to which differences were present between experienced, moderately experienced, and new...