Asvagho?a, Nagarjuna, and Aryadeva are among the most celebrated Indian patriarchs in Asian Buddhist traditions and modern Buddhist studies scholarship. Scholars agree that all three lived in first- to third-century C.E. India, so most studies have focused on locating them in ancient Indian history, religion, or society. To this end, they have used all available accounts of the Indian patriarchs' lives--in Sanskrit, Tibetan, various Central Asian languages, and Chinese, produced over more than a millennium--and viewed them as bearing exclusively on ancient India. Of these sources, medieval...