Accumulation of heavy metals in living organisms provides a handy reference for elaborating the nature and extent of chemical pollution in water bodies. Kabul River, the major source of drinking and irrigation water for millions of people in Afghanistan and Pakistan, is contaminated with heavy metals from variety of sources, which need to be checked, for safeguarding fish habitat and securing consumers health. A research study of Hazara University is presented here shows the load of heavy metals accumulation in body parts of common fishes. The fishes analysed for this purpose included Wallago...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most important Flavivirida infections with significant clinical problems throughout the world in humans. Six major Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and hundreds of subtypes have been identified globally. All these genotypes are generally studied for epidemiology, their vaccine development and clinical management. This thesis comments the frequency distribution of various HCV genotypes circulate in different areas/districts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhaw Province of Pakistan. Out of the tested samples, genotype specific PCR fragments were observed in...

The importance of rice for our country is manifold as it is an agricultural commodity that adds 20% FEC to the national foreign exchange reserves. Seed is a living tissue carries a genetic potential.Failing of seeds to germinate under environmental conditions optimal for germination is called dormancy. True dormancy caused by the conditions within the seed that prevent germination. Thus dormancy is a state of seed, not of the environment, that reduces seed germination and breaking dormancy, could be one of the most important factor for early germination. Whereas the wild species of rice offer...