The history of goitre is probably old than humankind himself. Goitre has been presented in different parts of the world. Iodine deficiency not only causes goitre, the obvious sign of inadequate iodine intake, but may also result in irreversible brain damage in the infant, and retarded the psychomotor development in the child. Iodine deficiency continues to be a significant public health problem in many areas of the world. In Sudan it has been recognized as a public health problem since the 1950s. A nation-wide surveys on iodine deficiency were launched and various approaches in...

Due to the importance of controlling the X- ray (package) beam in the diagnostic field, and the high prices of the control kids and devices for both engineer and the medical physicist, and due to the importance of recognizing the presence or absence of an X-ray beam, the researcher found it necessary to search for tools not to measure but to work as indications of the presence of X-ray beam and to know whether or not the X-ray tube has generated the X-ray. The designed device was very simple in its construction. It is composed of a wooden box lined from inside with phosphoric plates in all...