The book represents different Methodologies to check the validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis and its sources of deviation in case of Pakistan. The study used annual data for the period of 1973-2009. Engle & Granger and Johansen cointegration approaches are used to check the long run and short run dynamics among variables. Structural consumption function is estimated by using ordinary least square method and Euler equations are estimated by Generalized Method of Moment.The findings illustrate concentration towards the importance of fiscal policies in raising private consumption and...

Donkeys are extremely valuable animals in Pakistan because they are increasingly used in transportation of goods, cultivation of lands and are one of the cheapest sources of labour. Donkeys are extremely important as their use is much more in transportation and labour as compared to horses. Donkeys have a major socio-economic importance in many areas. Despite the advancement in mechanization, donkeys are still the "beasts of burden". Under smallholder farming system, donkeys are the most precious, suitable and economical animals, because they can be used in areas with coarse topography and...