Despite the rapid improvement in mobile devices, overall gradual growth in the ubiquitous computing field, the wide applicability, more usefulness of location based services in general and indoor navigation. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has undergone tremendous improvement since the 1900s and it, indeed is considered one of the most successful navigation systems known to date. However, it is still inefficient for sufficiently accurate positioning in both indoor environments and environments with many tall buildings such as skyscrapers since such buildings block or interfere with its...