For many years, calcium and phosphorus have been recognized as critical nutrients in growing buffalo calves' rations. They will be discussed together since they are closely associated with each other in metabolism. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus is important as well as the minimum levels. A range of 1.2: 1 to 2: 1 is ideal. These two minerals are essential for normal bone development, clotting of blood, and maintenance of acid base equilibrium. Vitamin D is essential for absorbing calcium and phosphorus from the gut as well as for depositing the minerals in the bone. Selenium is one of...