Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease that affects the whole joint, causing significant pain, disability, and a decreased quality of life in many cases. Clinical treatments for OA have typically emphasized symptom relief for joint discomfort rather than slowing the spread of the condition. The focus of OA prevention strategies has recently switched to early detection and slowing or stopping the disease's progression before it causes extensive damage. Nanotechnology has been applied in several medical fields including the treatment of OA. Nanoparticles (NPs) may pass through a variety of...

Cancer and the immune system share a complex relationship, where immune cells play dual roles in tumor progression and suppression. The immune system can detect and eliminate nascent tumor cells through immune surveillance, primarily driven by T cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting cells. However, cancer often evades immune control through mechanisms such as immune checkpoint inhibition, regulatory T cell activation, and secretion of immunosuppressive factors.The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, employing strategies like immune checkpoint inhibitors,...

Krebs und das Immunsystem stehen in einer komplexen Beziehung zueinander, wobei Immunzellen eine doppelte Rolle bei der Tumorprogression und -unterdrückung spielen. Das Immunsystem kann entstehende Tumorzellen durch Immunüberwachung aufspüren und eliminieren, was in erster Linie durch T-Zellen, natürliche Killerzellen und Antigen-präsentierende Zellen geschieht. Krebs entzieht sich jedoch häufig der Kontrolle des Immunsystems durch Mechanismen wie die Hemmung von Immun-Checkpoints, die Aktivierung regulatorischer T-Zellen und die Sekretion immunsuppressiver Faktoren.Das Aufkommen der...

The intricate interaction between cytokines and various biological systems plays a crucial role in cancer growth and pathogenesis. Cytokines, as signaling molecules, regulate key cancer-related processes, including tumor cell invasion and metastasis, enabling the spread of cancer to distant organs. They also influence angiogenesis-the formation of new blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to growing tumors. Additionally, cytokines contribute to inflammation, a hallmark of cancer, fostering a tumor-promoting environment. In the immune system, cytokines have dual roles: they can either...

Le cancer et le système immunitaire entretiennent une relation complexe, les cellules immunitaires jouant un double rôle dans la progression et la suppression des tumeurs. Le système immunitaire peut détecter et éliminer les cellules tumorales naissantes grâce à la surveillance immunitaire, principalement assurée par les lymphocytes T, les cellules tueuses naturelles et les cellules présentatrices d'antigènes. Cependant, le cancer échappe souvent au contrôle immunitaire grâce à des mécanismes tels que l'inhibition des points de contrôle immunitaire, l'activation des cellules T...

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of cellular defense, orchestrating a complex network of antioxidant and detoxification responses. Traditionally, its activity was attributed to Keap1-mediated degradation and cysteine sensing, but it is now understood to be influenced by various other factors. These include phosphorylation by different kinases, interactions with diverse protein partners, and epigenetic modifications. This multifaceted regulation highlights the complexity of Nrf2's role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and its involvement in various...