Climate change is already having visible effects on the world. The Earth is warming, rainfall patterns are changing, and sea levels are rising. These changes can increase the risk of heat waves, floods, droughts, and fires. A changing climate impacts crop growth and human health, while many people may need to leave their homes. It places certain species at an increased risk of extinction. The effects of climate change are real, and they are already happening. The level of climate change we will see depends on how quickly we cut emissions of dangerous greenhouse gases. Even if we were to stop...

Sugar-beet, Beta vulgaris is one of the most important economic crops in Egypt. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase sugar beet production in order to increase the requirements for local sugar production. Sugar-beet plants are liable to infestation by a variety of insects. Some of these insects are key pests of regular occurrence and cause serious damage to their host plants that leads to reduction of crop yield, in both quantity and quality. Sugar is a strategic commodity to many countries of the world, since it comes right after wheat. It has strategic importance to many countries...

Climate change is often seen as something that occurs in the atmosphere. After all, when plants photosynthesise, they draw carbon out of the atmosphere. But atmospheric carbon also affects the soil, because carbon that is not used for above-ground plant growth is distributed through the roots of a plant, which deposit carbon in the soil. If undisturbed, this carbon can become stable, and remain locked away for thousands of years. Healthy soils can thus mitigate climate change. When it comes to carbon storage, not all soils are equal. The most carbon-rich soils are peatlands, mostly found in...

Our soil, however, is often overlooked-it's teeming with billions of microscopic organisms that comprise the most biodiverse environment on Earth. Like all living things, they're affected by climate change, too. There's a fact that frequently gets mentioned when people talk about soil: There are more microorganisms in a teaspoon of healthy soil than there are people on Earth. The matrix of living creatures that recycle plant and animal life is incredibly complex, with bacteria, protozoa, fungi, actinomycetes, nematodes and others interacting in countless, largely-unmapped ways. Climate change...

As of 25 January 2022, over 349 million individuals have received a confirmed diagnosis of covid-19, with over 5.59 million confirmed deaths associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The covid-19 pandemic has prompted an extensive global effort to study the molecular evolution of the virus and develop vaccines to prevent its spread. Although rigorous determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains elusive, owing to the continuous evolution of the virus, steps have been made to understand its genome, structure, and emerging genetic mutations. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is composed of several open...