Family firms play an important role in most economies. This fact is due not only to family firms' share of overall revenues or jobs, but also because they are commonly assumed to be more long-term oriented than comparable non-family firms. This view, however, is largely based on - amples and case studies, while large-scale quantitative studies are so far missing. In more detail, we have very limited knowledge about how family and non-family firms compare along various - mensions of long-term orientation such as R&D activity, human resource policy, and incentive pay for executives....