Multiuser detection (MUD) for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) has emerged as a crucial area of research in modern broadband wireless communication systems, addressing one of the most persistent challenges in CDMA-based technologies-multi-user interference (MUI). As wireless networks continue to expand in capacity, coverage, and user density, the need for advanced interference-mitigation techniques has become undeniable. MC-CDMA, which combines the frequency diversity of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with the spread-spectrum advantages of CDMA, has...