Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial condition influenced by microbial, environmental, and host-related factors. Genetics plays a significant role in determining individual susceptibility, severity, and progression of the disease. Variations in genes regulating immune response, inflammatory pathways, and connective tissue metabolism-such as IL-1, TNF- , and MMP polymorphisms-have been linked to higher risk. Family and twin studies also support a heritable component, especially in aggressive periodontitis. Understanding genetic predisposition helps in early identification of...

Microbiology of Periodontal Disease offers a concise exploration of the microorganisms responsible for periodontal infections and their interaction with the host. The book explains how the normal oral microbiome shifts into a disease-causing community through dysbiosis, leading to inflammation and tissue destruction. It highlights major periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, describing their virulence mechanisms and ability to evade host defenses.