VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology plays a crucial role in advancing IoT (Internet of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) systems by enabling the design of compact, low-power, and high-performance hardware. Through the integration of processing cores, memory, sensors, and communication modules into a single chip-such as a System-on-Chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP)-VLSI supports the development of intelligent edge devices capable of real-time data processing and secure communication. It enables support for diverse communication protocols like NB-IoT, LoRa, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and...