The rise of Joko Widodo (Jokowi) to the presidency in 2014 marked an optimistic turn in Indonesia. At a time when politics were dominated by oligarchs, New Order–era holdovers and corrupt politicians, Jokowi’s populist style and humble origins embodied the change that many Indonesians desired. He promised the public a cleaner style of government and fast-paced development, and his progressive allies believed he would protect Indonesia’s young democratic institutions. Yet when Jokowi stepped down from office a decade later, he left behind a fragile economy and a hollow democracy.

The rise of Joko Widodo (Jokowi) to the presidency in 2014 marked an optimistic turn in Indonesia. At a time when politics were dominated by oligarchs...