Solar energy is considered one of the most important forms of renewable energy. Silicon solar cells are commonly used in the photovoltaic industry, but their higher production costs and complicated fabrication processes make them less affordable. Various other technologies, such as perovskite solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells, are also emerging.

Among these, perovskite solar cells are promising type of solar cells, offering comparable efficiency to that of silicon solar cells, at significantly lower costs. However, one of the drawbacks of perovskite solar cells is their...