Modern pharmaceutical analytical techniques have revolutionized drug development, quality control, and regulatory compliance by offering precise, reliable, and high-throughput methods for evaluating pharmaceutical substances. These techniques are crucial for ensuring the identity, purity, potency, and safety of drugs throughout their lifecycle from discovery to post-marketing surveillance. Key advancements include spectroscopic methods like UV-Vis, FTIR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, which enable structural elucidation and functional group analysis. Chromatographic techniques such as...