Arch wires are a fundamental component in fixed orthodontic appliances, serving as the main source of force to guide teeth into proper alignment. They work by delivering controlled, continuous forces that stimulate biological responses for effective tooth movement, while minimizing discomfort and tissue damage. Traditionally made from materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium, each type of arch wire offers unique mechanical properties suited to different stages of orthodontic treatment. With ongoing advancements in material science, modern arch wires...