Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate microorganisms from the root canal system to prevent reinfection. Chemo-mechanical preparation-combining mechanical instrumentation with chemical irrigation-is crucial for removing pulp tissue, bacteria, and debris. However, persistent microbes, especially in the apical region where anaerobic biofilms thrive, can lead to treatment failure and apical periodontitis. Biofilms are resistant due to complex canal anatomy, making them difficult to remove completely. Scanning electron microscopy shows deep bacterial penetration into dentinal tubules,...