Dairy industry in India is mainly buffalo oriented and buffaloes have been contributing 53% of the total milk production in this country. Most of the buffaloes in the country are non-descript with an average milk yield of 500 kg per lactation. Artificial insemination is the single most important reproductive biotechnology, which has revolutionized animal breeding. To increase the milk production, buffaloes were upgraded by inseminating them with frozen-thawed semen of the Murrah bulls.Testicular function, especially spermatogenesis in the male is a sensitive process influenced by various...