This study conducted at the University Clinical Center Kosovo, University of Prishtina, Faculty of Medicine, Prishtina, Kosovo, examined the effects of neurotransmitters on the ileum of chickens. The results showed that neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and histamine have significant constrictive effects on the longitudinal smooth muscles. The study found a correlation between the concentration of neurotransmitters and the constrictive effect on the smooth muscle. As the concentration of the neurotransmitters increased, the constrictive force in the smooth muscle...

This book serves as an essential academic resource for students and researchers in the biomedical sciences, providing a comprehensive and integrative overview of the core disciplines that shape our understanding of human biology and genetics. The content of this book spans centuries of scientific discovery and innovation, highlighting the critical milestones that have led to the advanced biomedical landscape we have today. From ancient anatomical studies to the most recent advancements in genetic engineering, the book offers a structured and thorough journey through the evolution of...