The Hydro and Wind Energy Monitoring System is an IoT-integrated solution using Arduino to track and analyze renewable energy generation from hydro and wind sources. The system monitors the voltage generated by wind turbines and hydroelectric generators, storing the harvested energy in a battery for later use. Real-time data, including generated voltage and water flow rate, is uploaded to the Thing Speak cloud for remote access and monitoring. A flow sensor is used to measure the rate of water flow, which directly impacts hydro energy generation. Wind energy is monitored by tracking the...

DC motors are widely used in systems with high control requirements. Thus, rolling mills, double-hulled tankers, and high-precision digital tools can be mentioned as examples of such systems. Generally, to control the step less velocity and smoothness, adjustment of the armature voltage of the motor is used; while, certainly, applying pulse width modulation (PWM) signals with respect to the motor input voltage is one of the methods most employed to drive a DC motor.