Mucins, glycoproteins with substantial molecular weight, play diverse biological roles. Among the transmembrane mucin family, MUC1 and MUC4 find expression in airway epithelial cells and bodily fluids. Notably, their expression is altered and often overexpressed in various carcinomas. Consequently, an in-depth investigation into the involvement of MUC1 and MUC4 across different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), including oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), and oral lichen planus (OLP) with special...