This study aims to identify the state of play regarding non-pecuniary sanctions in cartel convictions by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense ("CADE") in the period between 1999, when the first cartel conviction by CADE occurred, and 2022. The hypothesis to be tested is that although CADE has had legal powers to impose non-pecuniary sanctions for over 20 years, it has not yet defined clear and objective criteria for the imposition of each type of sanction, which can lead to legal uncertainty. Therefore, this study contributes to current discussions, both in Brazil and abroad,...