The 1st International Symposium on Brain, Vision & Arti?cial Intelligence (BVAI, Naples, Italy, October 19 21, 2005) was a multidisciplinary symposium aimed at gathering scientists involved in study of the Brain, Vision and Intel- gence, from both the natural and arti?cial points of view. The underlying idea was that to advance in each of the above research topics, integration with and attention to others is necessary. The overall rationale of the BVAI symposium wasbasedonamultidisciplinary approachofbiophysicsandneurobiology, visual and cognitive sciences and cybernetics, dealing with the...