English summary: This work traces the birth and development of the two genres of the autobiography of the Ancient Egyptian Empire (ca. 2700-2150 BC): the so-called -ideal- autobiography and the so-called -factual- autobiography. Both types are studied in their classical manifestations, making it possible to identify two distinct genres in their structure, their functions, the places of their inscription, and the perspective they adopt. The -ideal- autobiography has a properly funerary dimension, in relation to the offering and the call to the living. The -factual- autobiography, on the other...