With the development of material science many new high quality and cost-efficient materials have come to use in various fields of engineering. Smart materials are new generation materials overcoming the conventional structural and functional materials. They possess adaptive capabilities to external stimuli such as loads or environment with inherent intelligence. Smart materials are defined as materials which possess the ability to change their properties in specific manner in response to specific stimulus input. The stimuli could be pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic fields,...

L'histoire de l'utilisation de l'énergie solaire est riche et s'étend sur plusieurs siècles. Dès le VIIe siècle avant J.-C., les hommes ont exploité la lumière du soleil pour allumer des feux à l'aide de loupes. Cette méthode rudimentaire mais efficace a mis en évidence le potentiel de l'énergie solaire. Au IIIe siècle avant J.-C., les Grecs et les Romains ont perfectionné ce concept en utilisant des miroirs pour concentrer la lumière du soleil et allumer des torches pour les cérémonies religieuses et d'autres usages.Au 1er siècle de notre ère, les Chinois ont franchi une...

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of interconnected sensor nodes that communicate with each other wirelessly to collectively gather and transmit data from their surrounding environment. These sensor nodes are equipped with various types of sensors, processing capabilities, and wireless communication modules, allowing them to monitor, collect and transmit data from different points in a physical space. Key characteristics of wireless sensor networks include:Sensor nodes are small, autonomous devices equipped with sensors that can measure physical parameters such as temperature,...