Metal oxides, such as ZnO, CdO, SnO2, and Al2O3, have been a subject of research interest for decades due to their unique properties. SnO2 is an active material in device fabrication, and its properties can be improved by adding dopants, such as Tb3+, Eu3+, Mn2+, and Al3+. This study focused on the addition of aluminum, as it has a similar ionic radius to tin and is abundant on Earth. The researchers examined the structural, optical, thermal, and electrical properties of pure and Al-doped SnO2 nanoparticles, with doping concentrations ranging from 0.2 wt% to 4.0 wt%. Adding dopants decreased...