Recently, environmental issues have been exacerbated by harmful exhaust emissions and increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels combustion. Renewable fuels are a possible substitute for limited fossil fuel resources because the use of biobased fuels will not only help mitigate fossil fuel consumption, but also reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and therefore help to address issues related to environmental protection and sustainable development. The application of alternative fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines has gained interest over the years due to the potential...