The dung beetle Phyllognathus excavatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a widespread and common species throughout its distribution (North Africa, southern Europe, and Asia). The larvae remain most of their life in compost-rich soil feeding on organic matter. This report aimed to identify and describe the larval immune effector cells (hemocytes) types and to investigate their immunological responses. For this, hemolymph was collected to investigate the different circulating cells using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The Larval hemolymph cells were identified and hemocytes immune...