Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the universal blueprint for life on Earth. DNA is the code of Life.The integrity of the genome is continuously challenged by both endogenous and exogenous DNA damaging agents.It has been estimated that in an average mammalian cell can have ten to a hundred thousand DNA lesions.DNA damage plays a major role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and ageing.A thorough knowledge of the types and prevalence of endogenous DNA damage is thus essential for an understanding of the interactions of endogenous processes with exogenous agents and the influence of damage of...

Dental caries is an ancient disease that has been found in skulls from all over the world where the primitive man lived in isolated areas and the diet lacked refined and carbohydrate-rich food. Root caries is a lesion located on the root surface of a tooth, usually close to or below the gingival margin, and is the major cause of tooth loss in older adults, and tooth loss is the most significant oral health-related negative variable of quality of life for the elderly population who get their teeth extracted and replaced with removable prostheses. At present, root caries is becoming a new area...