Fluorosis is an endemic problem affecting different parts of the country. Fluoride toxicity can be manifested either as dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis. As an early sign of dental fluorosis the teeth lose their shiny appearance with development of chalk-white spots. Later these white patches become yellow and sometimes brown or black and in severe cases, loss of enamel gives the teeth a corroded appearance. Detailed studies on enamel changes occurring in human dental fluorosis is a must to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of fluoride action on tooth structure resulting in mottling....

Macrophages plays a crucial role in wound healing, providing aid for tissue growth and angiogenesis. Tumor- associated macrophages (TAMs), derived from the peripheral blood monocytes exhibit tumoricidal activity toward one fraction of the cancer cells. Clinically, the TAM level has been correlated with poor prognosis in several human cancers. Since oral squamous cell carcinoma shows an association between macrophages and a worse prognosis, macrophages could also be involved in the evolution of OSMF into oral squamous cell carcinoma.

DNA profiling, a forensic technique plays a crucial role in forensic odontology. DNA is unique to each individual, making it a highly reliable source for identification especially when identifying individuals from skeletal remains or damaged tissues. Teeth, due to their resilience and hard tissue structure, serve as an excellent source of DNA, making then valuable in investigations. DNA profiling allows for accurate identification, matching antemortem records with post mortem samples and can even provide information on ancestry and sex determination.