In Catholicism, 'Marian apparitions' such as those at Lourdes belong to the most spectacular cases of religious mass phenomenon. A prominent case occurred in 1983 in Penablanca, Chile. During the first difficult crisis year of the Pinochet dictatorship, a seventeen-year-old youth reported an apparition near Valparaiso. Through dedicated supporters, pilgrimages and press reports, it soon developed into both a mass phenomenon and a media phenomenon. The case became particularly controversial following accusations that the military government had become involved in the events with...