When this book was first published in 1991, developments in the study of theoretical ecology had led to the appearance of more complex concepts in ecosystem theory. As a result, ecosystems may be viewed as networks of coexisting living organisms and their non-living milieu which result in the transfer and transformation of material, energy and information. This book presents a comprehensive overview of these ideas, bringing together in a single volume a diverse range of viewpoints and approaches. Similarities and difference between these viewpoints are clarified, controversial issues...