Microsurgical concepts have recently been introduced into the field of periodontics. Although the surgical operating microscope has clearly benefited medicine, periodontists have only lately considered it. Over the last decade, periodontics has seen an increasing refinement of procedures that require more detailed surgical skills. Guided tissue regeneration, cosmetic crown lengthening, gingival augmentation procedures, soft and hard tissue ridge augmentation, osseous resection, and dental implants demand clinical expertise that challenges the technical skills of periodontists to the limits of...