The urgent need for vehicle electrification and improvement in fuel efficiency has gained increasing attention worldwide. Regarding this concern, the solution of hybrid vehicle systems has proven its value from academic research and industry applications, where energy management plays a key role in taking full advantage of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). There are many well-established energy management approaches, ranging from rules-based strategies to optimization-based methods, that can provide diverse options to achieve higher fuel economy performance. However, the research scope for...