In this book, the adaptive slotted ALOHA based p-persistent CSMA MAC protocol for the data link layer and the enhanced energy conservation based on residual energy and distance (EECRED) routing protocol for the network layer were proposed to minimize the probability of collisions by selecting the correct nodes to operate as routers, in addition to using multi-hop techniques. The two proposals were combined by designing a cross-layer protocol to address the energy consumption of more than one layer at the same time. Furthermore, the influence of static distribution and random distribution has...