In the recent era, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained added significance in India among the multinational corporations (MNCs). After the introduction of Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, it is legally binding upon companies to disclose expenditures pertaining to CSR activities. Interestingly, the practice of CSR is not entirely new to the MNCs as they have been practicing it morally from the beginning of the 21st century. Thus, MNCs clearly have added experience and advantage over other companies in terms of CSR disclosure. The key focus is on the impact of the Companies...

CSR has become increasingly important to companies or businesses over the last few years, with a far greater number of companies responding to stakeholders' calls for increased accountability by incorporating and integrating CSR into their organizational or business policies. The key focus is on current CSR activities and CSR disclosure practices of selected Indian MNCs. The study attempts to make an assessment of the emerging trends of CSR activities undertaken by the MNCs and also the disclosure practices adopted by the companies by judging their annual reports. In brief, such a...

The causative agent of malaria, that is Plasmodium undergoes complex development and transition to withstand mosquito innate immunity for its transmission from mosquito to human via vectors. Plasmodium sporozoites colonize in mosquito salivary glands, migrate through the sky, penetrates into blood vessels, breach in liver, sinusoid and invade hepatocytes. Malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are continuously in contact to mosquito midgut microbiota. The mosquito gut microbiota influences the outcome of pathogen infection but the mechanism by which symbiotic bacteria affect vector competence is...