The essential meaning of ishraq (Persian , Arabic: ) is "rising", specifically referring to the sunrise, though "illumination" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the "apprehending subject" (al-mawzu al-modrek) and the "apprehensible object" (al-modrak); beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including elham,...

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Plastic is ubiquitous as packaging material or as part of many products of our daily life. However, due to the steadily increasing global plastic production, plastic particles can now be found everywhere in the environment. It is estimated that between four and twelve million tonnes of plastic enter the seas and oceans every year. Plastic particles, which are intentionally manufactured, are called primary plastic particles. They are added to daily life products like cosmetics or are used in research and diagnostics. Fragmentation of larger...

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions.The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and...

Industrial Economics also gives insights into how firms organize their activities, as well as considering their motivation. In many micro courses, profit maximization is taken as given, but many industrial economics courses examine alternative objectives, such as trying to grow market share.There is also an international dimension - firms have the option to source inputs (or outsource production) overseas. As such, while industrial economics more frequently uses skills and knowledge from micro courses, macroeconomic concepts are sometimes employed.One of the key issues in industrial economics...

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions. The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and...

The chemistry of PUs leads to them being grouped with other compounds that are often collectively referred to as reaction polymers. These compounds include phenolics, unsaturated polyesters and epoxies Generally, PUs are often synthesized from the reaction between an isocyanate and polyol molecule in the presence of either a catalyst or ultraviolet light activation.39 These isocyanate and polyol molecules should necessarily contain two or more isocyanate groups (R-(N C O)n 2) and hydroxyl groups (R'-(OH)n 2), respectively. The exhibited properties of the PUs usually depend on the types of...

In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of biocompatible small molecule reactions commonly used in bioconjugation, allowing the joining of substrates of choice with specific biomolecules. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. In many applications, click reactions join a biomolecule and a reporter molecule. Click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions: the concept of a "click" reaction has been used in chemoproteomic,...

Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energy can be produced. Energy services can be defined as functions that generate and provide energy to the "desired end services or states". The efficiency of energy services is dependent on the engineered technology used to produce and supply energy. The goal is to minimize energy input required (e.g. kWh, mJ, see Units of Energy) to produce the energy...

International Economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment and transaction. International trade studies goods and services flows across international boundaries from supply-and-demand factors, economic integration, international factor movements, and policy variables such as tariff rates...

Shaping a future that aligns with eco-consciousness, this book delves into the remarkable advancements in industrial infrastructure, highlighting manufacturing plants, refineries, power plants, and water and sewage treatment facilities that have transitioned to operating exclusively with transformative and renewable energy sources. Witness the resolute efforts to forge a sustainable world while ensuring uninterrupted productivity, and explore how these innovative solutions pave the way for a cleaner and greener tomorrow.