The axiom of endodontic treatment relies in proper debridement, disinfection and obturation of root canal in 3-dimensions to prevent reinfection of the tooth. However, in a small percentage, failure often poses the dilemma of re-treating in the hope of saving the tooth. Endodontic surgery is a facet of comprehensive root canal treatment, which can manage problems that cannot be eliminated by nonsurgical techniques. The desire to eliminate disease at the root end, the need to obtain a clearer understanding of the complexities of pulpal anatomy, and the use of enhanced magnification and...