Worldwihealthy mangrove ecosystems are vital for the wellbeing, food security, and protection of coastal communities. Mangrove host a spectacular diversity of flora and fauna including fishes. Mangroves protect the coastlines from erosion, hazardous, and contribute to water quality by filtering nutrient load. Recognizing the vital role of coastal and marine ecosystems in supporting livelihoods and wellbeing across the globe. The Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNEP, the World Bank, and many International and National organizations supporting many mangrove related projects to help...

Seagrass are marine flowering plants present along almost all the shallow coasts of our planet. Since they are plants, they get primary energy from the sun and grows very fast either vertically or horizontally. Seagrass has been considered as foundation species, i.e. a species that provide habitat and enhances ecosystem biodiversity. Large species such as turtles, ducks, geese, and marine mammals like dugongs use the seagrass ecosystem as habitat. The associated organisms, use the seagrass in their whole life cycles, or part of their life cycle as feeding and refuge ground. Seagrass goods and...

Horseshoe crab lives primarily in and around shallow ocean waters on soft sandy or muddy bottoms. They occasionally come onto near shore to mate breed. Horseshoe crabs provide many services to the human society around the world. Horseshoe crabs are familiar for medicinal products and the tourism industry. Habitats and their services are not priced as unfettered markets which leads to compromise and collapse of habitats by human needs. Fixing the value of the habitats' services to society shall provide a basis for making public policy decisions. In this book, benefits from the horseshoe crabs...