Endodontische Missgeschicke oder Verfahrensunfälle sind jene unglücklichen Ereignisse, die sich während der Behandlung ereignen, einige aufgrund von Unachtsamkeiten, andere völlig unvorhersehbar. Mit der Entwicklung der Endodontie haben verbesserte Instrumente und Geräte sowie innovative Techniken zu einer besseren Qualität der Behandlung beigetragen. Die technologischen Fortschritte haben die Art und Weise, wie die Endodontie praktiziert wird, verändert. Diese Fortschritte haben in Verbindung mit einer verstärkten Aufklärung und Sensibilisierung der Patienten dazu beigetragen, die...

Tooth avulsion implies total displacement of the tooth out of its socket. Avulsion is a relatively uncommon type of traumatic injury to the permanent dentition (0.5-3%). The periodontal ligament fibers are severed, and blood supply to pulp tissue is amputated resulting in necrosis of pulp. It is relatively uncommon type of traumatic injury representing 1%-16% of the traumatic dental injuries and occurs frequently between 7 and 14 years of age. The majority of these injuries occur in the maxillary central incisors socket. Since most avulsions occur before the patient's facial growth is...

Oxygen is an ubiquitous element and an important substance for life on earth especially for human life and it can both be beneficial and harmful to life. High and soaring concentration of oxygen are found to be toxic, and can damage tissues. When cells use oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP in the mitochondria, free radicals are created. Excessive free radicals formation that is not counteracted by the removal, creates 'oxidation stress' which is associated with various oral and systemic destructive diseases. Dental treatment with the use of composites, amalgams, glass-ionomers,...