Vaccine strategies have been invoked often to diminish or prevent the impact of infectious diseases, especially among the young. Vaccines are immunobiological substances designed to produce specific protection against any given disease. They mainly act through stimulation for the production of a protective antibody and other immune mechanisms. They are mainly prepared from live-modified organisms, nonvital organisms, extracted cellular fractions, toxoids or a combination of these substances. A caries vaccine is mainly designed to play protective role against the process of dental caries. This...

Traumatische orale Verletzungen bei Kindern umfassen Traumata des Gebisses und der umgebenden oralen Weichteilstruktur. Sie stellen in der Regel einen Notfall dar, weshalb ihr Management weltweit eine Herausforderung ist. Die Behandlung einer Zahnfraktur, einer Zahnverschiebung oder eines Zahnverlusts richtet sich nach der Art und Schwere der Verletzung, die unabhängig von der Ätiologie ist. Sie erfordert Erfahrung im Umgang mit dem Verhalten eines Kindes, die Ermittlung einer patientenzentrierten Diagnose und die Erstellung eines endgültigen Behandlungsplans.

Traumatic oral injuries in children involve trauma to the dentition and the surrounding oral soft tissues structure. They usually present as an emergency hence their management poses a challenge globally. Treatment of a tooth fracture, displacement or loss is determined by the type and severity of the injury which is independent of the etiology. It necessitates the experience for behavior management in a child, ascertaining a patient centered diagnosis, formulating a definitive treatment plan.

Trauma to the anterior teeth is a relatively common occurrence during childhood. Depending on its magnitude, it may produce concussion, luxation, fracture, or avulsion of the teeth, leading, in more severe cases, to necrosis of the pulp tissue. Apexification is a procedure to promote the formation of an apical barrier to close the open apex of an immature tooth with a nonvital pulp such that the filling materials can be contained within the root canal space. Apexification allows the preservation of many compromised, immature teeth with nonvital pulps by endodontic and restorative means. This...