Cell is the fundamental molecule of life and is the smallest unit that can replicate through coordinated processes such as cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the replicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. There are various regulatory proteins which have the ability to mediate the progression of the cell through cell cycle. Among these proteins, one such important member are cyclins. These with their catalytic subunits called as Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs) form complexes and are activated at specific stages of the cell cycle. Cyclin D1, an important member of...

Cancer is an important public health problem in many parts of the world, and oral cancer is the second most common cancers worldwide. Uncontrolled cell proliferation is one of the main hallmarks of cancer, and the tumor cells that have acquired damage to genes are directly involved in regulating the cell cycle. Despite the newest techniques with lights, rinses and various tests, the gold standard in any unexplained findings is biopsy for microscopic confirmation. Increased and abnormal mitotic figures indicate genetic damage. Thus identification and quantification of mitotic figures forms an...

Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders (PMODS) represent a group of conditions of the oral mucosa that carry an increased risk of transformation into malignancy, most commonly oral squamous cell carcinoma. These lesions, including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, and actinic cheilitis, often exhibit clinical and histopathological features that serve as early indicators of carcinogenic potential. Early detection and intervention are critical, as the progression to malignancy can be mitigated with appropriate clinical surveillance and management. This...