Profound Local anesthesia is required to prevent pain during endodontic treatment of teeth with vital pulps. Incomplete anesthesia results in pain and increases the patient's anxiety, with a concomitant drop in their pain threshold. A wide variety of anesthetic drugs are available for dental use. The practicing dentist should have a sufficient selection of anesthetic solutions to meet every situation. One of the prime considerations in the selection of a local anesthetic is the approximate duration for which analgesic effect is required. Of the four sympathomimetic amines commonly used as...

A true emergency is a condition requiring an unscheduled office visits with immediate diagnosis and treatment. The visit cannot be rescheduled because of the severity of the problem. Urgency indicates a less severe problem; a visit may be scheduled for mutual convenience of the patient and dentist. Endodontic emergency is a condition associated with pain and/or swelling that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge and skill in several aspects of endodontics are required, Failure to apply these will result in serious consequences for the patient. Incorrect diagnosis or incorrect...

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) defined as "treatment which aims at preserving and maintaining the pulp tissue that has been compromised but not destroyed by extensive dental caries, dental trauma, and restorative procedures or for iatrogenic reasons", offers some beneficial advantages over the conventional root canal treatment such as protective resistance for mastication forces or to prevent the loss of environmental changes sensation ability, which can lead to unnoticeable progression of caries and later fracture. A wide range of materials is suggested in the literature to be used as pulp capping...

HEALING TAKES COURAGE AND WE ALLHAVE COURAGE EVEN IF WE HAVE TODIG A LITTLE TO FIND IT- TORI AMOSTrauma to teeth is a common occurrence. Dental surgeon must be prepared to assess, evaluate and treat when necessary. Coupled with the dyanamic panorama of sports activity and the significant increase in violence all over the world, tooth trauma and its management has posed a major problem to the dental professionals. Tooth trauma leaves not only physical permanent scars but also psychological impact on its victims. Understanding the basic principles and therapeutic protocols can help to provide...

Tooth avulsion implies a total displacement of the tooth out of its socket. The main etiologic factors in permanent dentition are fights and sports injuries. It is very important to save the avulsed tooth as it can affect the social, mental, and physical health of the patient. Treating the avulsed teeth, the present guidelines are primarily based on an analysis of a series of experimental studies and a few clinical studies where enough data support the given procedures. Avulsed teeth should always be replanted as soon as possible and if this is not possible a storage medium such as HBSS,...

Perforation is defined as the mechanical or pathological communication between the root canal system and the external tooth surface. It is one of the endodontic complications during root canal treatment. It may occur during any stage of the treatment, access cavity, cleaning and shaping, or as a result of internal resorption that is extended to the periapical tissues. Eventually, chronic inflammation will occur in the periodontium, which is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue and loss of bone attachment around the perforation. Cone-beam computed tomography constitutes an...

The major challenges faced by dental specialists today is in the assessment and management of patients with increasingly complex medical conditions, complex medical history and the use of multiple medications. Therefore, dental management in medically compromised patients requires special attention. Thorough knowledge about the pathophysiology of diseases, pharmacological action and their interactions with dental procedures is mandatory. The common medical conditions encountered by the dentist in daily practice include patients with cardiac diseases, pulmonary diseases, hypertension,...

Ein echter Notfall ist ein Zustand, der einen außerplanmäßigen Arztbesuch mit sofortiger Diagnose und Behandlung erfordert. Der Besuch kann aufgrund der Schwere des Problems nicht verschoben werden. Dringlichkeit bedeutet, dass es sich um ein weniger schwerwiegendes Problem handelt; ein Besuch kann nach Absprache zwischen Patient und Zahnarzt anberaumt werden. Ein endodontischer Notfall ist ein Zustand, der mit Schmerzen und/oder Schwellungen einhergeht und eine sofortige Diagnose und Behandlung erfordert. Es sind Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten in verschiedenen Aspekten der Endodontie...

HEILUNG BRAUCHT MUT, UND WIR ALLE HABEN MUT, AUCH WENN WIR EIN WENIG SUCHEN MÜSSEN, UM IHN ZU FINDEN- TORI AMOSTraumata an Zähnen sind häufig anzutreffen. Der Zahnchirurg muss darauf vorbereitet sein, sie zu beurteilen, zu bewerten und gegebenenfalls zu behandeln. In Verbindung mit dem dynamischen Panorama der sportlichen Aktivitäten und der signifikanten Zunahme von Gewalt in der ganzen Welt sind Zahntraumata und ihre Behandlung zu einem großen Problem für die Zahnärzte geworden. Zahntraumata hinterlassen nicht nur physische, dauerhafte Narben, sondern auch psychische Auswirkungen auf...