Today's airports are at times unable to handle the air traffic demand. The busiest airports are already saturated, and there are political and environmental difficulties associated with any further airport expansion. In view of the anticipated growth in air traffic demand, there is a clear need for economically beneficial capacity improvements in an environmentally responsible manner. However, the required capacity growth cannot be achieved by relying on existing technologies, policies and procedures. To provide solutions for environmentally induced capacity bottlenecks, the authors' research...