Cities commonly have well-known identities-New York as 'The Big Apple', Hong Kong as 'The Pearl of the Orient', and Beirut as 'The Paris of the East' are such examples. This book explores the nature of city identities, their composite characteristics, and how they have been shaped. It argues that they certainly draw on the influence of a city's present day circumstances: the goods and services it provides, how it is governed, its culture, its look and feel, and the customs of its people. However, an identity may also be shaped by a city's past, and its economic, social and physical...

Cities commonly have well-known identities-New York as 'The Big Apple', Hong Kong as 'The Pearl of the Orient', and Beirut as 'The Paris of the East' are such examples. This book explores the nature of city identities, their composite characteristics, and how they have been shaped. It argues that they certainly draw on the influence of a city's present day circumstances: the goods and services it provides, how it is governed, its culture, its look and feel, and the customs of its people. However, an identity may also be shaped by a city's past, and its economic, social and physical...

This book presents ten types of city that are the product of the modernisation of the world in the past two centuries. That modernisation has changed the economic, social and political context in which cities have developed, as well as the form and function of cities themselves. Of the ten city types detailed, some of them-like national capitals, resorts for pilgrims or gamblers or tourists, city states or cosmopolitan cities-are not entirely new kinds of city, since they existed in pre-modern times, but their modern forms exhibit novel characteristics. Others-like megacities of 10 million...

When living and working in cities, we need to make sense of them in order to get by. We must delve below their surface to understand what makes them tick and how we can best engage with them. This book argues that three tropes can help us: namely, metaphors, icons and perspectives. Metaphorically, we can see the city as a community, a battleground, a marketplace, a machine or an organism. Some cities are iconic; they present us with characteristics that are more generally true of cities and city life, such as Venice, Mumbai, New York, Tokyo, Paris and Los Angeles. Cities can also be viewed...