Understanding the biomechanical factors in orthodontics is important in order to improve the overall effectiveness of actual clinical treatment. An accurate method to study the three-dimensional(3D)force systems and the resulting movements of teeth during orthodontic treatment is needed along with the understanding of the material properties of any orthodontic wire. Until recently, most of the orthodontic biomechanics literature was limited to two-dimensional experimental studies. Recent advances in three-dimensional computer modeling have also been developed but have been limited to the...