This book presents a comprehensive view on mycotoxins of agricultural as well as non-agricultural environments and their health effects in humans and animals. Mycotoxins have immunosuppressive effects; but some of them can cause cancers, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage, birth defects, DNA damage and respiratory disorders. The problem of mycotoxins is long-lasting and their direct or indirect exposures to humans and animals must be further discussed. The first chapter will cover the historical perspective of mycotoxins along with timeline while the second one will provide...

This book presents a comprehensive view on mycotoxins of agricultural as well as non-agricultural environments and their health effects in humans and animals. Mycotoxins have immunosuppressive effects; but some of them can cause cancers, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage, birth defects, DNA damage and respiratory disorders. The problem of mycotoxins is long-lasting and their direct or indirect exposures to humans and animals must be further discussed. The first chapter will cover the historical perspective of mycotoxins along with timeline while the second one will provide...

Armed with the basic building blocks of mechanics, the orthodontist devises an intricate plan of appliance activations to achieve predetermined treatment goals. Forces and couples are applied to teeth to move them in the desired directions. Tooth movement is monitored regularly to assure that treatment proceeds smoothly and positively. Unwanted effects are corrected by adjustments along the way. The final result is achieved by a series of well-planned mechanical interventions that initiate and sustain a controlled biologic reaction.The components of comprehensive orthodontic treatment,...

Kieferorthopäden spielen bei der Behandlung von Patienten mit Lippen- und Gaumenspalten von Geburt an eine wichtige Rolle. Patienten mit einer Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte benötigen oft eine komplexe kieferorthopädische Langzeitbehandlung, oft in Kombination mit einer Reihe anderer Spezialisten, einschließlich der Kieferchirurgie, um ein gutes Aussehen des Gesichts mit einer ästhetischen, funktionellen und stabilen Okklusion zu erreichen. In diesem Kapitel wird speziell die Rolle des kieferorthopädischen Beraters bei der Behandlung von Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten-Patienten in...

Les orthodontistes jouent un rôle majeur dans la prise en charge des patients présentant une fente labiale ou palatine depuis la naissance. Les patients présentant une fente palatine ou labiale ont souvent besoin d'un traitement orthodontique complexe à long terme, souvent en association avec d'autres spécialistes, notamment la chirurgie maxillo-faciale, afin d'obtenir une bonne apparence faciale, avec une occlusion esthétique, fonctionnelle et stable. Ce chapitre présente spécifiquement le rôle du consultant orthodontique dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de fentes...

Orthodontists play a major role in management of patient of cleft lip and palate since birth. Patients with a cleft palate and or lip often require complex long-term orthodontic treatment, often in combination with a number of other specialists including maxillofacial surgery in order to produce a good facial appearance, with an esthetic, functional and stable occlusion. This chapter will specifically introduce the role of the orthodontic consultant in the management of the cleft lip and palate patient at multiple stages of their dental development and growth. The orthodontic burden of care...