Among the most important challenges of modern material engineering is to repair ill or damaged organs of the human body. Ceramic materials have various superior characteristics in mechanical properties, heat resistance and chemical stability. Therefore, ceramics have been considered as the candidate for biomaterials used for tooth root and artificial bone. Among the ceramics, alumina is being widely used as hard tissue replacement. Despite having the assets for its effective use as hard tissue implant materials, it has some major drawbacks. Though alumina is inert, but it is corrodible in...